Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious health condition that affects an estimated 35.5 million adults in the United States, according to National Kidney Foundation. The kidneys play an important role in filtering waste and excess fluids from our blood, regulating blood pressure, and balancing electrolytes. When the kidneys begin to lose their ability to perform these necessary functions, it can lead to kidney disease. In this article, we’ll review the stages of kidney disease, symptoms of each stage, and what you can do to manage and slow progression of CKD.
What is Kidney Disease?
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), commonly referred to as kidney disease, occurs when the kidneys are damaged and can no longer efficiently filter blood, ultimately leading to kidney failure over time. CKD typically develops gradually and may not present noticeable symptoms in its early stages, which makes early detection and treatment essential. While diabetes and high blood pressure are the primary causes, other factors can also contribute to the development of kidney disease.
Stages of Kidney Disease
Kidney disease is generally classified into five stages based on the level of kidney function. As kidney function declines, the stage of kidney disease progresses. Here’s a breakdown of each stage of CKD:
Stage 1: Normal Kidney Function
At stage 1 of kidney disease, the kidneys are still functioning normally or nearly normally. However, there may be mild kidney damage, such as protein in the urine or other markers of kidney dysfunction. Most people in this stage do not experience symptoms, and kidney disease may not yet be apparent.
During stage 1 of kidney disease, it’s important to regularly monitor kidney function with blood tests, adopt healthy lifestyle changes (hydration, balanced diet, exercise) and manage underlying conditions that can lead to further kidney damage, such as high blood pressure and diabetes.
Stage 2: Mild Kidney Damage
During stage 2, kidney function is mildly reduced but most individuals still do not show noticeable symptoms. It is still important to monitor kidney function closely, as this stage can progress to become more severe if not managed properly. Continue to monitor kidney function, eat a balanced diet, stay hydrated, exercise regularly, and control blood pressure and blood sugar to mitigate further damage.
Stage 3: Moderate Kidney Damage
At this stage, kidney function has declined moderately, and you may start to notice symptoms such as fatigue, swelling, or changes in urination. The kidneys are no longer able to efficiently filter waste, which can lead to an accumulation of toxins in the blood. During stage 3 of chronic kidney disease, you should consult a nephrologist for personalized care, track your kidney function regularly, continue to treat underlying health conditions, and make dietary changes, including limiting sodium and protein consumption.
Stage 4: Severe Kidney Damage
Kidney function is severely reduced during stage 4 of chronic kidney disease, and the kidneys can no longer perform their job effectively. Symptoms may become more evident, including swelling in the legs or ankles, nausea, and difficulty concentrating. Dialysis or a kidney transplant may be discussed with your healthcare provider during stage 4. You should prepare for dialysis or a kidney transplant if necessary, follow your treatment plan as prescribed by your healthcare provider, and continue monitoring kidney function if diagnosed with stage 4 kidney disease.
Stage 5: Kidney Failure
Stage 5, or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), indicates that the kidneys can no longer function adequately to meet the body’s needs. At this point, kidney failure is inevitable, and survival depends on dialysis or a kidney transplant. During this stage, the focus shifts to improving quality of life. It’s important to work closely with your healthcare team to explore options like dialysis or a kidney transplant, as well as consider hospice care to manage symptoms and improve overall well-being.
How to Prevent and Slow Progression of Kidney Disease
Kidney disease can be managed especially in the early stages to slow progression. Here are some key strategies to protect your kidneys and minimize the risk of kidney disease:
- Control Blood Pressure: High blood pressure is one of the leading causes of kidney disease. Regularly monitor your blood pressure and keep it under control with medications and lifestyle changes.
- Manage Diabetes: If you have diabetes, regularly manage and monitor your blood sugar levels. Diabetes can cause significant kidney damage over time, resulting in kidney failure.
- Eat a Kidney-Friendly Diet: Focus on eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Limit sodium and processed foods that can strain the kidneys.
- Exercise Regularly: Staying active with physical exercise helps control blood pressure, blood sugar, and overall health, which can protect kidney function and minimize a risk of kidney failure.
- Avoid Smoking and Excessive Alcohol: Smoking and heavy drinking can worsen kidney disease and increase the risk of other health complications.
- Stay Hydrated: Drinking enough water helps the kidneys flush out waste and maintain proper function. If you have been diagnosed with kidney disease, consult your doctor about how much water you should be drinking.
Hospice Care for Kidney Disease
Hospice care offers compassionate support and comfort to individuals in the advanced stages of kidney disease. Its primary goal is to improve the quality of life by managing symptoms and addressing the emotional, spiritual, and practical needs of both patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their families. Residential Hospice provides in-home care for patients with end-stage kidney disease in Florida, Illinois, Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Find hospice care services in your area.